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  • La Présence indonésienne ancienne sur la côte orientale d’Afrique : une hypothèse de recherche
    Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 3-4, janvier - décembre 1976, pp. 287-302

    Auteur : Ramiandrasoa F.

    Mots clés : INDONESIENS/HISTOIRE/INDIEN, COTE DE L’OCEAN/PEUPLEMENT/6E SIECLE- 10E SIECLE/AFRIQUE ORIENTALE

    [ MLA ] Tsy afaka mihambo ankehitriny fa fantatra marimarina ny amin’ny tantaran’ny mponina amin’iny morontsiraka atsinanan’i Afrika iny. Isan’ny anton’izany tsy fahombiazana izany – ankoatr’ireo antony hafa maro – ny tsy nanomezan-toerana na fanadinoana tanteraka mihitsy, fa isan’ny karazan’olona tonga, nitoetra, nivanga tamin’iny faritra atsinanan’i Afrika iny ny Indoneziana, ka nifangaro tamin’ireo tera-tany mainty hoditra tao ary nifampindrana fomba amam-panao taminy koa. Zavatra tsy iadian-kevitra io fahatongavan-dry zareo tao amin’iny faritra iny : ny Malagasy no isan’ny taranak’izy ireny sy vavolombelona manamporofo an’izany. Ny manahirana kosa noho ny antony maro, indrindra noho ny tsy fahampian’ny fitaovana ahazoana manamarina sy mampitombona azy, dia ny mamaritra mazava ny fotoana (daty) nahatongavany sy nijanonany, ary koa ny toerana nionenany sy niasany.
    Sarotra tokoa ny mitompoteny fantatra amin’izany. Azo atao kosa anefa ny mampitsidika petra-kevitra famaritana izay toy ny fiasana ihany ary azo hiaingana mba hirosoana haingakaingana amin’ny fanadihadiana. Izany no namporisika anay handroso izao petra-kevitra manaraka izao : talohan’ny taon-jato faha-X no niroborobo ny fifamoivoizan’ny Indoneziana tao amin’ny ranomasin’ny Océan Indien ka nahatonga azy ho tafapaka sy nanana toeram-pamaharana tamin’ny sisintany atsinanan’i Afrika iny. Ireny toeram-pamaharana ireny dia nonenany mba ahazoany mitantana ny varotra (indrindra ny famarinana entana avy tao Afrika mankany amin’ny faritra andrefan’ny Océan Indien) ary nahatonga azy hifangaro tamin’ny Mainty tera-tany. Ny vokatr’izany fiaraha-miaina maharitra izany dia karazan’olona izay sady zatra varotra no nahay sambo ary koa tsy tampohany teo amin’ny fifaneraserana amin’ny vahiny. Koa raha lefy ny fifamoivoizan’ny Indoneziana avy any atsinanana ka tsy ampy tohana intsony ireto mpifindra monina sy ny taranany taty andrefan’ny Océan Indien, dia tsy sarotra tamin’ny Arabo ny fisisihana tamin’ireny toeram-pamaharana ireny sy nandova ny varotra fanaon’ny Indoneziana. Ireto mponina koa efa za-draharaha sady vonon-kiara-hiasa rahateo. Ny Arabo tamin’izany anefa – nanomboka tamin’ny taon-jato faha-VII, niorenan’ny antokom-pivavahana Silamo – dia mbola tao anatin’ny hafanam-po mahery vaika raha mikasika ny fanamparitahana sy fampielezana ny antokom-pivavahany (Silamo), tamin’ny alalan’ny teniny sy fombafombany, koa rehefa firenena nifampiraharaha taminy dia niofon’ny fomba amam-pinoany. Koa ireo olona tamin’ny faritra nipetrahan’ny Arabo sy nanaovany varotra dia nanjary Sohahily vetivety foana (ny teny Sohahily dia teny Bantou mifangaro Arabo). Raha izany no izy dia azo heverina, eo amin’ny ankapobeny, fa ny faritra ahitana ny Sohahily ankehitriny dia ny faritra nisy ny Indoneziana fahiny. Petra-kevitra aroso ihany anefa izany ; misy sombin-javatra sy vavolombelona sasany efa azo hanamarinana izany. Tsy ampy ireny fa mbola mitaky fanadihadiana lalina kokoa…

    [ ENG ] We cannot claim nowadays to have a thorough knowledge of the history of the East African peoples. One of the reasons – among many others – for this is that historians have ignored or completely forgotten the fact that Indonesians landed on the East coasts of Africa and settled in that area where they became traders ; then they intermingled with the local black population and of course a mixing of customs and traditions ensued. The fact that they did arrive in that area cannot be denied : the Malagasy people are among their descendants and bear witness to the Indonesian settlement. The trouble is that, for many reasons, the major one being the lack of documents, confirming or proving the fact, neither the time or their arrival nor the duration of their stay nor the places where they lived and worked can be clearly determined. We cannot be positive about it. Suggestions can be made, however, to serve as a starting point to help in the research. This lead us to suggest the following thesis. The Indonesians sailed throughout the Indian Ocean (mostly befor the 10th century), landed and built ports on the eastern coast of Africa. They settled in those ports in order to promote trade. They needed them chiefly to store African goods which were to be sent to the western areas of the Indian Ocean. Thus they mixed with the black natives and the mixing gave birth to a kind of people skilled in commerce, sailing and relations with foreigners. Consequently when no more new Indonesian immigrants came from the East, the first settlers and their descendants in this part of the Indian Ocean were left without support, it was easy for the Arabs to penetrate those ports and take the trade over from the Indonesians. Besides they found a population familiar with commerce and prepared to co-operate with them. The point is that the Arabs in those days – from the birth of the Mohammedanism in the 7th century – were still fanatic about spreeding and promoting their religion through their language and customs ; therefore all the nations connected with them were bound to be influenced by their beliefs and traditions.
    As a result, the inhabitants of the areas where Arab merchants lived soon became “Swahilis” (the word specifies a mixture of Bantu and Arabic). So our general conclusion is that the countries where Swahilis are now found were those formerly inhabited by Indonesians. This, is however, but a hypothesis ; there are clues and witnesses that can verify this theory. We admit that they are still not sufficient and that more research into the matter is needed.

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