Accueil > Documentations scientifiques > Revues archivées > Omaly sy Anio > Archives > Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 10, (...) > La Politique extérieure du gouvernement Ramanantsoa vue par « Lumière (...)
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La Politique extérieure du gouvernement Ramanantsoa vue par « Lumière »
Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 10, juillet - décembre 1979, pp. 7- 92Auteur : Escaro A.
Mots clés : RELATIONS EXTERIEURES/POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE/PRESSE CATHOLIQUE/LUMIERE/ARTICLES DE FOND/ANALYSE DE CONTENU/OCTOBRE 1972-FEVRIER1975/MADAGASCAR
[ EN ] This article is not a study of Lumière in itself but rather an attempt at analyzing its views on the foreign policy of Ramanantsoa’s government : we may indeed wonder if the weekly’s position regarding the matter has not offeneded some of its readers and has not partly accounted for the and of its.
Though Lumiere has not totally condemned all aspects of Tsiranana’s foreign policy, its has definitely kept a critical attitude towards his government as a whole on the eve of its fall. In keeping with its beliefs, Lumiere has advocated a policy of fenuine socialism and national independence though not openly. My 1972 events have provided the paper an opportunity to state its point of view more clearly. Lumière has always approved of an outburst of nationalist feeling as wellas of a “second independence” from France often accused of neo-colonialism : it has been in favour of a wide opening of Madagascar outs the rest of the world (the future “tous azimuts policy”). The same themes have been presented by Ramanantsoa’s government towards which the paper has then adopted an expectant attitude until the programme has been applied. As a whole, the weekly has backed up a policy aimed at achieving a “second independence”. But though it has warmly approved of Madagascar’s decision to step out of the free trade system which, in its view, is indicative of an effort towards cutting down expenses, Lumière seems to have been disappointed by the government’s options in educational matters. The way the paper has seen it, 1973 new agreements with France cannot favour “malgachisation and democratization”. As regards information, Lumière has often published erroneous news but in way of apologies, it has accused the government of informing public opinion inadequately and of showing little concerne for it.
The weekly’s attitude towards the “tous azimuts policy” has long been ambiguous : this policy, supposedly based on non-alignment can have satisfied Lumière has not the government, in this anxious desire to restore the balance after Tsiranana’s regime, ventured to lead the country to socialism, a fact highly feared by the paper. From then on, its constant worry has been to watch whethen Ramanantsoa’s policy is genuinely non-aligned or not and to warn the government of the danger of a blind imitation of the Soviet or Chinese systems after turning away from the West. We can make on three periods in the evolution of the paper’s attitude going from October 1972 to February 1975. In the middle of 1973, Lumière has come to a first conclusion : while approving of some aspects of ratsiraka’s foreign policy (national independence and newly gained dignity), it has condemned his diplomatic moveas being excessively and irrationally inclined eastwards ; according to the paper, such a tendency may shield a most important problem : the non-existence of economic development. At the same time, Lumière has pointed out that Madagascar’s relations with Western nations, far from being cut off, have merely improved. Regarding Africa, the weekly has wholeheartedly supported the resuming of the dialogue with the A.U.O. (Africa unity organization), the withdrawing from A.M.C.O. (African Malagasy Community Organization) and the breaking off Israël has been considered more as a machiavelic act than as moral one. As for non-alignment which is based on the above principales, Lumière has though it the only acceptable policy.
At the end of 1973 when more characteristic features of the “tous azimuts policy” have been emphasized, the paper has had to state its views more neatly and to criticize Malagasy foreign policy more openly the quest for Eastern models of policy to imitate as well as the tendency to place too much trust in foreign helps have seemed particularly condemnable to the paper which has suggested self-reliant Tanzania as an example and has thought it wise in that respect to work out a purely Malagasy kind of socialism. Besides, the weekly doubts the positiveness of making new relations in view of economic development. According to Lumière, only a policy taking reality into account should prevail in the field of externally relations. In the middle of 1974, without giving up its previous criticisms and realizing that the positive points in Ratsiraka’s policy seem to outweigh the negative ones, Lumière has eventually supported Ratsiraka himself on the one hand his policy as a whole on the other. Thus, when Ramanantsoa’s government ended at the beginning of 1975, the weekly in its analysis of the past situation, has found out that because the foreign policy has been the only positive point achieved under Ramanantsoa, his successors ought to carry it on. Through this assertion and despite its fears, the weekly has implicitly acknowledged the non-alignment character of Ramanantsoa’s external policy.
Such a position which is somewhat favourable to Ramanantsoa’s government may have hurt the weekly’s conservative readers (its all-time backbone) while on the contrary, its criticisms may have irritated the new regime’s supporters. Lumière’s decadence can be explained by the loss of these two groups of readers, at least to one extent, for other forms of disruption and particularly one on internal policy remain to be made out between the paper and the government.[ MLA ] Tsy fandalinana momba ny gazety Lumière akory ity lahatsoratra ity fa fampisehoana ny heviny mikasika ny politika ivelany tamin’ny governemanta Ramanantsoa sy famoaboasana ny heviny momba izany. Moa ve nisy tsy nifanaraka tamin’ny hevitry ny sasany tamin’ny mpamaky azy ka anisan’ny nahatonga ny nijanonany tsy hiseho intsony ?
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Taloha kelin’ny nianjeran’ny fitondrana taloha dia mbola tsapa ny tsy fanarahany tanteraka ny politikan’ny governemanta Tsiranana na dia tsy nohelohiny amin’ny ankapobeny aza ny politika ivelany. Ny tsangan-kevitra narosony dia nahatonga azy hanana politika tena sosialista sy miaro ny fahaleovantenam-pirenena. Ny zava-nitranga tamin’ny mai 1972 dia mbola nahafahany nijoro bebe kokoa teo amin’ny fanehoana ny heviny. Nankasitraka ny fisehoana mahery vaikan’ny fitiavan-tanindrazana izy, notohanany ny foto-kevitra haka “fahaleovantena faharoa” – misaraka amin’i Frantsa izay nampangaina ho nampihatra fanjanahantany vaovao – ary notohanany toa izany koa ny fivelaran’i Madagasikara ho amin’izao tontolo izao amin’ny ankapobeny. Ireo lohan-kevitra ireo no nampisehoan’ny governemanta Ramanantsoa. Ary i Lumière dia niandry foana ny nanatanterahany izany politika izany. Manohana koa ny politika mitady ny ahazoana “fahaleovantena faharoa” izy. Kanefa raha nitehaka mafy ny nialana tamin’ny faritry ny vola franc izy dia toa diso fanantenana tamin’ny fifanarahana tamin’ny 1973 izay misakana ny fanagasiana sy ny famahoana araka ny heviny. Eo main’ny lafin’ny filazam-baovao indray dia nampangainy ho tsy manome vaovao araka ny tokony ho izy sy tsy miraharaha ny hevitry ny vahoaka ny governemanta. Tsy dia nazava loatra mandritra ny fotoana el any hevitr’i Lumière momba ny politika tous azimuts. Mahafa-po azy raha tsy momba ny atsy tsy momba ny aroa izany politika izany, fa manahy kosa izy sao dia hahatonga an’i Madagasikara ho any amin’ny vondron’ny tany sosialista, izay tena atahorany tokoa. Nojereny hatrany raha tena tsy momba ny atsy tsy momba ny aroa marina ny politika ary nasehony hatrany koa ny mety hahazo raha maka tahaka ny modely sovietika na sinoa rehefa hilaozana ny modely tandrefana. Misy vanim-potoana telo mety ho tsikaritra amin’ny fihetsiny teo anelanelan’ny oktobra 1972 sy février 1975.
Teo amin’ny tapaky ny taona 1973, dia nankasitrahany ny lafiny sasany tamin’ny politikan-dRatisaraka (ny fahaleovantenam’pirenena, ny nahazoana indray ny fahamendrehana). Kanefa noheveriny fa nitongilana loatra mankany atsinanana ny fifandraisana amin’ny any ivelany, ary fanafenana fotsiny ny tsy fivoarana ara-toe-karena, izay mavesa-danja indrindra. Tsapany ihany anefa fa toa vao mainka mihalalim-paka ny fifandraisana amin’ny tandrefana. Mikasika an’i Afrika, tohanan’i Lumière tsy amim-pihambahambana ny fiverenan’ny fifandraisana amin’ny OUA sy ny fialana tamin’ny OCAM ary ny fanapahana ny fifandraisana tamin’i Afrika atsimo. Mikasika ny fifanolanana teo amin’ny Arabo sy Israeliana anefa dia nasehony fa ny fitsaharan’ny fifandraisana tamin’Israel vokatry ny politika feno fitaka. Rah any politika tsy momba ny atsy sy ny aroa indray, io no heveriny fa làlana azo ekena. Nanomboka tamin’ny telo volana farany tamin’ny taona 1973, ny firosoana lalindalina kokoa tamin’ny politika tous azimuts dia nanosika an’i Lumière hanazava bebe kokoa ny fomba fijeriny sy hanao izay hampitombina ny fanakianana nataony. Araka ny heviny, tsy mety ny fitadiavana modely any atsinanana sy fiankinana be loatra amin’ny fanampiana avy any ivelany. Ny ohatra omen’i Tanzanie no tokony hobanjinina hoy izy, izay miankina amin’ny herin’ny tenany aloha. Araka izany dia mety ny manorina sosialisma miainga avy amin’ny maha-malagasy. Tsy hitany loatra koa ny tombon-tsoa mety ho azo avy amin’ny famatorana fihavanana vaovao. Ho an’i Lumière ny fijerena ny zava-misy ihany no tokony hitari-dàlana eo amin’ny fifandraisana amin’ny any ivelany.
Teo antenatenan’ny taona 1974, na dia mbola notazoniny aza ny fanakianana nataony hatramin’izay, dia notohanan’i Lumière amin’ny ankapobeny ny politikan-dRatsiraka satria noheveriny fa ny lafitsarany no be noho ny lafiratsiny. Koa nony nianjera ny governemanta Ramanantsoa tamin’ny voalohan’ny taona 1975 ka nijery ny nety sy ny tsy nety tamin’izany fotoana tsy hiverina intsony izany i Lumière dia nihevitra fa ny politika ivelany no hany nisy lanjany, koa tokony hotohizan’izay mandimby io fitondrana io. Izany dia nilaza mazava fa na dia nisy aza ny ahiahin’ity gazety ity, dia hitany fa tena politika tsy momba ny atsy tsy momba ny aroa tokoa ny an’ity fitondrana ity. Izany fironany amin’ny governemanta Ramanantsoa izany dia nety nahatohina ny tsy tia fivoarana tamin’ireo mpamaky. Ny fanakianana nataony koa anefa dia nahasorena ireo mpankasitraka tsy misy fepetra ny fitondrana. Izy roa tonta ireo dia samy nihataka taminy ka nahatonga an’i Lumière hikorosifahana farafaharatsiny teo amin’ny lafin-javatra sasany, satria nisy koa ny fisarahan-keviny tamin’ny fitondrana atamin’izany fotoana izany indrindra teo amin’ny politika anatiny.