Accueil > Documentations scientifiques > Revues archivées > Omaly sy Anio > Archives > Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 1-2, (...) > Esquisse pour le portrait d’une reine : Ranavalona 1ère
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Esquisse pour le portrait d’une reine : Ranavalona 1ère
Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 1-2, janvier - décembre 1975, pp. 251-270Auteur : Ayache S.
Mots clés : MERINA/MONARCHIE/REINES/RANAVALONA I/POUVOIR ROYAL/BIOGRAPHIE /HISTOIRE/1828-1861/MADAGASCAR
[ MLA ] 33 taona (1828-1861) no nitoeran-dRanavalona I teo amin’ny seza fiandrianana teto Antananarivo. Raha atao indray mijery io fotoana nanjakany io dia toa hita misongadina ireto zavatra manaraka ireto : fahefana feno teo am-pelatànan’ny Andriamanjaka, ady lalandava mba hamoriana ny Nosy ho fanjakana tokana, fanoherana izay rehetra mety ho fihatraikan’ny ataon’ireo Eoropeana, fampijaliana Kristiana… Toa nialan-dRanavalona I tanteraka ilay soridàlana natombo-dRadama I (1810-1828), dia ny fanokafana ny Nosy amin’ny vahiny. Noho ireo antony rehetra ireo dia izy no Mpanjaka kianina indrindra eo amin’ny tantara malagasy.
Ireo mpanoratra tantara vahiny (Ellis – Grandidier – Malzac) dia tsy mamela azy mihitsy noho ny nanapahany ny fifandraisana tamin’ny Eoropa sy noho ny hamafin’ny fitondrany ny teto an-toerana izay vokatr’io tsy fisian’ny fifandraisana io ihany, araka ny hevitr’izy ireo. Vao tsy ela akory dia mbola nisy ireo malagasy mpanoratra tantara (Raombana – Rabary – Razafintsalama) izay manameloka azy noho ny tsy nanarahany intsony ilay fivoarana tanteraka ara-pomba sy ara-tsaina nisy teo amin’ny firenena malagasy ary nomasahin’ny asan’Andrianampoinimerina sy ny misionera kristiana. Rahaniraka sy Andriamifidy no nanomboka mba nanafaka kely an-dRanavalona I. Nabaribarin’ireo mpanoratra ireo ny hamafin’ny lalàna mifehy ny fanjakana, lalàna izay naha-tompon’andraikitra an-dRanavalona I, ary koa ny hahatanterahan’ny fitiavan’ny Andriamanjaka ny vahoakany.
Toy ny « Messaline » malagasy no fampisehoana an-dRanavalona I. Nefa ireo mpizaha tany rehetra dia voatery nampiseho azy tamin’endrik’olona malemy fanahy kokoa noho i Messaline. Saingy, raha tiana ny hampiseho ny tena endri-dRanavalona, dia tsy azo hodian-tsy hita ireo zavatra isan-karazany nitranga nandritra ny nanjakany. Mitondra fanjakana izay misy mpanafika amin’ny lafiny rehetra Ranavalona I. Ny tolona ho amin’ny fivondronana sy ny fahaleovan-tenam-pirenena, ary ny fitandroana ny maha-malagasy dia manery azy hanaraka sori-dàlana henjana ary indraindray aza feno herisetra, zavatra tsy azo lavina izany. Ny asan’ireo olona tafakatra noho ny ady (fianakaviana hova lehibe sy andriana koa) dia nanampy trotraka ny hamafin’ny fitondrana, satria niaro ny tombon-tsoam-panjakana sy ny fomba amam-panao nentin-drazàna, sady no niaro ny tombon-tsoan’ny antokon’olona manana no mitondra. Noho izany dia dingana eo amin’ny fivoarana nanomboka tamin’ny andron’Andrianampoinimerina ary indrindra fa Radama I, ny nanjakan-dRanavalona I.[ EN ] Queen Ranavalona the First had been sitting in the throne of Tananarive 33 years long (1828-1861). Her reign is noticed at first sight, for its absolute authority, permanent wars to unite the country, struggle against any kind of European influences, persecution of the Christians… She seemed to have been rejecting the policy of reception began by king Radama the First (1810-1828). She has been for these reasons the most contested sovereign of Malagasy history.
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Foreign historians (Ellis – Grandidier – Malzac) could not forgive her for breaking with Europe, and hardness in home policy which, under their eyes, is the fatal result attendant upon it. Untill a close date, Malagasy historians (Raombana – Rabary – Razafintsalama) condemned her also for having broken the deep moral and cultural evolution of the Malagasy people, raised by the action of king Andrianampoinimerina or the Christian missionaries. A shy rehabilitation began with Rahaniraka and Andriamifidy who both pointed out the hardness of the kingdom laws, of which she was not responsible, and her true love for her people.
She has been portrayed as a Malagasy Messalina. Now every traveler who were acquainted with her had been forced to relate of a more human person. But a true portrait of Ranavalona cannot be drawn unless stood in the general context of her reign. Queen Ranavalona the First was at the head of a kingdom besieged from all parts. War for national unity and independence, for safeguard of the Malagasy identity forced her to a strenuous policy, and it must be said, sometimes to a ferocious one. This hardness icreased with the doings of an aristocracy grown out of wars and the new born military society (great Hova families, but also Andriana ones), which society added to the defense of State interests and the Ancestor’s tradition the one of their privileges as an owning and ruling class. Queen Ranavalona’s reign stood then in the course of an evolution whose origins can be traced back to king Andrianampoinimerina’s initiatives and above all ; to king Radama’s one.