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Au Carrefour de l’oralité et de la tradition écrite : sources malgaches en caractères arabes
Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd’hui) : revue d’études historiques, volume 23-24, 1986, pp. 77-90Auteur : Guenier N.J.
Mots clés : HISTOIRE/SOURCES/MANUSCRITS ARABICO-MALGACHES/SORABE/MADAGASCAR/OUEST/SUD EST
[ EN ] Written culture and oral culture have sometimes been set over against each other as if they represented two radically different worlds, and as if the emergence of writing in a society spelt utter disruption. Yet writing in Arabic characters penetrated the Malagasy culture fairly long ago through contact with the muslim world without disrupting the social balance in which speech still remains a fundamental element. The Malagasy written literature in Arabic characters is made up of two regional sets having each many distinctive features. The so-called sorabe tradition of the eastern coast is treasured by a narrow circle of people both deviners and healers who use it for their skill and consider it to be more or less a privilege of their group. They have their own adaptation of the Arabic alphabet to the malagasy sounds. The link with islam is now very lax. This tradition is known through texts at least since the 17th century. The manuscripts contain texts in three languages : Arabic, malagasy and a secret language made of Arabic words and malagasy structure. This tradition has been well studied because of its historical interest, though this very interest has sometimes diverted attention from other aspects. The tradition of the western coast has not so far provided us with old texts and is much less known to specialists. It is associated with circles actually practicing islam and in connection with the Swahili cultural zone of East Africa. When scholars of this area write their mother tongue, they resort to the adaptation of Arabic alphabet used for Swahili. A few texts in Arabic and (more recently) in malagasy are known and one can expect to find a few texts in Swahili as well. This paper gives two short examples of the problems raised by texts belonging to either tradition.
[ MLA ] Nampifanoherin’ny olona indraindray ny fiaraha-monina mampiasa ny soratra sy ireo manome hasina ny teny ifandraisana. Heverina ho toy ny tontolo miavaka tanteraka tanteraka tokoa mantsy ireo araka izany, tahaka ny hoe nitarika fiovan-javatra tanteraka ny fidiran’ny soratra eo amin’ny fiaraha-monina iray. Amin’ny fiaraha-monina malagasy anefa dia efa ela ihany no tafiditra tao ny soratra arabo tamin’ny fifampikasohana amin’ny tontolo silamo. Tsy dia nibahan-toerana firy anefa io soratra arabo io tamin’izany ka tsy nandrava ny firindran’ny fiaraha-monina izay anjakan’ny lafiny am-bava indrindra indrindra. Ny haisoratra malagasy amin’ny soratra arabo dia mizara ho vondro-paritra roa izay miavaka noho ny endri-javatra maromaro : ny fomba fanoratra antsoina hoe sorabe, amin’ny faritra atsinanana, dia voatahirin’ny sarangan’olom-bitsin’ny ombiasa, izay mampiasa izany ho an’ny fahalalana amam-pahaizany manokana. Mahatonga azy ireo hihevitra ny sorabe ho toy ny tombon-tsoany samirery rahateo aza izany. Fandrindràny manokana ny abidy arabo amin’ny lafiny ara-peo amin’ny teny malagasy no ampihariny amin’izany. Ankehitriny aza dia efa tsy hentitra loatra intsony ny fifandrohizany amin’ny fivavahana silamo. Fantatra fa tamin’ny taon-jato faha-17 no efa nisy lahatsoratra amin’io fomba fanoratra io. Lahatsoratra amina karazan-teny telo no hita eo : arabo, malagasy, ary teny iray miafina izay noforonina avy amin’ny voambolana arabo sy firafi-piteny malagasy. Noho ny lanjany ara-tantara dia voahadihady ara-dalàna io fomba fanoratra io ; ary dia io lafiny ara-tantara io aza indraindray no nanadinoana ireo lafin-javatra hafa sasany. Ny fomba fanoratra amin’ny faitra andrefana, izay tsy nahitana lahatsoratra tranainy kos hatramin’izao, sy mbola tsy fantatry ny manam-pahaizana loatra. Teraka teo amin’ny antokon’olona manaraka ny fivavahana silamo izy io, ary mifandray amin’ny tany sy faritra Swahili aty Afrika Atsinanana. Manaraka ny fanoratana ny abidy arabo ampiharina amin’ny teny Swahili ny mpanoratra amin’iny faritra andrefana iny rehefa mandrakitra an-tsoratra ny tenin-drazany. Lahatsoratra vitsivitsy amin’ny teny arabo, ary vao haingana amin’ny teny malagasy, no efa fantatra, ary mety hahitana lahatsoratra amin’ny teny Swahili koa aza eo. Ity fanazavana ity dia manome ohatra fohifohy anankiroa notsoahina avy amin’ireo fomba fanoratra roa ireo.
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